Power Markets and Electricity Derivatives :: essays research papers

Since the previous(predicate) 90s, the electrical goose egg sector has undergone profound and dramatic changes. More and more(prenominal) countries moved towards the deregulation of their energy sectors, from a regulated and monopolistic pains to one were the market forces of supply and demand determine the unit wrong of electricity.The first case of energy sector deregulation in europium was recorded when the United Kingdom with the Electricity Act of 1990 created the Electricity kitty for England and Wales. Norway soon followed suit (Norwegian Energy Act of 1991) and set up the Norwegian Pool in 1993, which eventu entirelyy became the Nord Pool in 1996. At the like year, the European Union issued its Electricity Directive (Directive 96/92/EC) fit in to which the electricity markets of all EU countries should be open for competition by 2003, with the exceptions of Greece and Ireland which were granted a one year extension 13.Deregulating a countrys energy sector is a compli cated and surd task. The typical power utility operation is divided into three master(prenominal) functions electricity generation, its transmission over the power grid and finally the scattering to the end users. deregulation stipulates that all three functions should be open to competition. In crabbed, new and existing power generation utilities/companies (GenComs) should be able to fence with each other at a wholesale level. For this to be viable though, the access to the power grid should be offered with the same terms to all players. The only way to avoid any bias or dispute of interest is hence to ensure that the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity argon either run by several(predicate) companies or under different management (unbundling). Furthermore, the electricity distribution sector may also be segmented for different geographical areas, (DisComs). The actual trading of electricity, either the personal asset itself or financial products on it, is organized and takes place in a formal power exchange, or Pool 13. The passage from a regulated to a deregulated power industry is seen in Figures 1 and 2.Deregulation of the energy sector is all the more challenging due to the particular characteristics of electricity that differentiate it from other traded commodities namely limited storability and transportability. Electrical energy cannot be stored after it has been produced, except in the case of hydroplants where electricity is notionally stored indirectly in the form of the water kept in the reservoirs. Even in this case though, high demand can be satisfied for a limited time only, while the use of larger in size and/or number reservoirs is either unfeasible or uneconomical.