Domestic Violence And Violence Against Women - 1662 Words

The dictionary definition of domestic violence is, â€Å"Violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm†. Domestic violence takes place in many forms, including physical assault, threats, sexual abuse, intimidation, etc. Domestic violence destroys the meaning behind a home and the feeling of a safe environment. No one man, woman, or child deserves to be abused. The abuser is the one who should take responsibility of the violence occurring, not the victim. The reason I say this is because most of the time the victim of the relationship is looked down upon and blamed because â€Å"they asked for it†. One of the most frequent human rights violations in the world is violence against women. There is a large amount of evidence that women are subjected to domestic violence significantly more often than men. The situation can become worse if she is economically or socially dependent on the abuser, which is the case in most situations. Violence against women should not only be considered a human rights violation, but also a form of discrimination against women. The United States takes precautions and creates laws against domestic violence for women; however, the social views on domestic violence vary, in many places outside the West, the concept in general is very poorly understood. This is because in most of these countries, the relation between the husband and wife is not considered one of equals, but instead oneShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Violence Against Women2254 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Domestic violence is a type of abuse by one or both partners in marriage, friends, family, dating or cohabitation† (Aziz Mahmoud, 2010). There are many forms of abuse from verbal and emotional to physical that often escalates over time in intensity for the victim. Data from the criminal justice system, hospital patient medical records and mental health records, police reports, surveys and social services reports of thousands of women revealed that many are injured and killed as aRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women815 Words   |  4 Pagesrecent data available from 2015, it was disclosed that nearly 92,000 Canadians had report to the police an incident related to domestic violence; of this number, 80% of them were women (Burczycka, 2017). It is then no surprise that intimate partnership violence has been found to be one of the major causes of violence against women in Canada (Ministry of the Status of Women, 2015). Many agencies focus on supporting directly the fe male victims and providing them with secured shelters and safe spacesRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women966 Words   |  4 Pages Domestic Violence against Women Name Course Instructor Institution Date of submission Domestic Violence against Women Domestic violence is known in different ways, which are domestic abuse, intimate partner or battering. Domestic violence occurs in a relationship between intimate people. It can take many forms including sexual and physical abuse, threat of abuse and emotional. Domestic violence is mostly directed towards women, though men are abused but chances are minimal. Domestic violence happensRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Men and Women1449 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence against Men and Women Sandra Marable Kaplan University CM-220 Professor Freiteg May 20, 2013 Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wivesRead MoreThe Issue Of Domestic Violence Against Women1497 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last 50 years the world has made huge strides against the issue of domestic violence against women. While this may seem like a great moral victory for us as a society we have a long way to go before the issue is under control. The very image of a man striking a woman immediately strikes a chord with most of us, causing great discomfort. If we switch the roles however the same proverbial chord lies there dormant. In fact when a man is struck in a movie by a woman it is often displayedRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Children 1115 Words   |  5 PagesWomen aren’t the only victims of domestic violence. Society must recognise, support and protect all victims of domestic violence. Good morning everyone. Victoria’s CSA chief statistician Fiona Dowsley states domestic violence reports in Victoria have topped 70,000 cases in the last year. With these results it would be assumed that they would be directly related to women. Since the recent illegalisation of domestic violence results show that women and children aren’t the only victims. Domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Indigenous Women947 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle â€Å"Domestic violence against indigenous women is everybody’s problem† domestic violence is depicted as a serious social problem that involves â€Å"unspeakable acts of violence† that leaves victims experiencing fear and despair (Taylor 2014). More specifically, the social construction of domestic violence will be discussed with an emphasis on Aboriginal women and a typology of intimate partner violence. The social construction of domestic violence has serious implications for victims of domestic abuseRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act1639 Words   |  7 Pagesfederal government to take part in the battle against domestic violence. This new law, named the VAWA, acknowledged that violence against women is a crime with far-reaching, harmful consequences for families, children and society (Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection, A Report to Congre ss under the Violence Against Women Act, 1 [NIJ Research Report 1996]). To fight this violent crime problem, VAWA made federal domestic violence crimes to be act against by the Department of Justice. Reliable withRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Girls1600 Words   |  7 Pageshuman rights, to support and help survivors of violence, to explain why violence against women and girls is not acceptable, and to ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished. This was spoken by the Minister for Equality and Ecclesiastical Affairs and the Minister for Development Cooperation in Denmark. The country of Denmark is a small nation that faces the problem of domestic violence. To comprehend the issue of domestic violence against women in Denmark, it is important to understand theRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Essay2203 Words   |  9 Pagesof Violence against Women (1993) defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. (UN General Assembly 1993). It is violence in private life that comprises domestic violence against women. Also called Intimate Partner Abuse and Family Violence, it

President George Bush Essay - 894 Words

George W. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut on July 6, 1946. Just like other presidents, he had his good times and his bad times. He was the forty-third president of The United States. Because of those who had preceded him in The Oval Office, he understood the importance of being the Commander in Chief. In all of the events that happened during his presidency he never gave up on his country (Biography; Gale: Vol 21). The Bush family moved to Texas when George was only two years old. George Herbert Walker Bush, George’s father, had just graduated from Yale and wanted to attempt a living in the oil business. The family moved to a rough part of Texas called Odessa, and though times were not always easy , it eventually became a†¦show more content†¦He became the president of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and enjoyed drinking, playing football, and dating. His grades were not his main priority (Biography; Gale: Vol. 21). Bush admired his history professor Thomas T. Lyons at Yale. This admiration led George to major in history. George had very little intellectual curiosity and was not interested in politics. However, some of his classmates believe that being a stickball commissioner and the head cheerleader were pre- political experiences. While he was a well known figure, there were many times he faced conflicts at school for being a male cheerleader, and some agree that this prepared him for the world of politics. Bush himself claims that his student activities qualified him for the White House. After he attended Andover, he persistently demonstrated the same leadership: â€Å"not a powerful intellect or dazzling policy but rather an exceptional ability to make friends, work a crowd, cheer people up and take them all in his direction† (The New York Times Company). When he was the governor of Texas, he worked with both Democrats and Republicans, and built successful coalitions which led him to become a popular leader without becoming engaged in policy details (The New York Times Company). George Bush, the forty-first president, was surprised to see his first-born son become interested in politics,Show MoreRelatedPresident George W. Bush898 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States presidents and some terrible ones. When we elect a president, we want someone who will improve our country and stabilize our economy. However, many presidents do not accomplish this during their term and end up causing the opposite effect to happen. One president who is on the list of presidents that made the country worse and our economy decline is George W. Bush. He was the United States president from 2001 to 2009. George W. Bush was one of the worst United States presidents for manyRead MorePresident George W. Bush1433 Words   |  6 Pagessocially, September 11 is the day our nation mourned as one. On the same day, our former president George W. Bush formulated one of his most memorable speeches. He not only took this moment to address the severity and despondency of the occasion, but he als o took this opportune time to guide our nation on how to recuperate from one of the bloodiest and costliest attacks the United States has ever faced. Bush worked to withdraw the fears and to instill a sense of relief to all the American peopleRead MoreGeorge Bush : The Effective President2430 Words   |  10 Pages GEORGE BUSH: THE LEAST EFFECTIVE PRESIDENT IN U.S. HISTORY MR. STERE JAMES GOUGH DECEMBER 3RD, 2014 CLARKE HIGH SCHOOL George Walker Bush, the former President of the United States, was not the hero that many people to this day believe he is – on the contrary, Bush is considered by numerous individuals do be the worst effective president in the history of the United States of America. Many ordinary Americans that live in states like Washington, Georgia, and Florida regard Bush as the greatestRead MorePresident George W. Bush1262 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities only to be stopped by this life changing news. The president at the time was George W. Bush. Doing day to day activities like the rest of us, he was reading to a second grade class that bright Tuesday morning. Upon hearing about the news, he was utterly shocked along with the rest of America. At approximately 8:40 p.m., which is around 12 hours after the event, he gave a speech to address this horrendous event. President Bush had successfully created a sense of unity and security throughoutRead MoreGeorge Bush: The Worlds First Presiden t988 Words   |  4 Pagesjudge, define, and sum President Bush’s leadership. Nevertheless, through his contribution to various cultures, leadership, and social outreach intervention programs President Bush excellently portrayed what it means to be a world president and humanitarian. As President, George Bush made fulfilling his citizenship responsibilities a priority. Hence, due to the fact that he was commander in chief, everything he did came with its degree of controversy or judgment. As President of a powerhouse nationRead MoreSuccess of President George W. Bush756 Words   |  3 Pages Being one of only two President whose fathers were former President, George W. Bush had big shoes to fill. To establish himself as a separate person, Bush did his best to publicly distance from his families privilege life. Although this in did not apply to all aspects of his presidency, Bush handled both foreign and domestic affairs in a way he thought to be most successful for the nation. Entering into his first term as President, Bush had some domestic changes. He severed America’s ties withRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s President1969 Words   |  8 Pages When George W. Bush started his first term as president, the country and the economy was at its peak, but soon, it slowly spiraled downwards. Bush is a Republican, who has previous political experience, such as helping his father with his campaign, and being the former governor of Texas. On November 7, 2000, George W. Bush competed in his first election, and running against Democrat Al Gore. His vice president was Dick Cheney of Nebraska, and he was Bush’s vice for both of his presidential termsRead MoreGeorge W. Bush s President Of Texas1685 Words   |  7 PagesBorn in July 6, 1946, George W. Bush, America’s 43rd president, served in the White House office from 2001 to 2009. Before coming into the White House, he was the oldest son of former 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who was also a two-term Republican governor of the state of Texas. George W. Bush was a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Business majoring in business administration. George W. Bush worked in the Texas oil industry and he was also an owner of the Texas Rangers baseballRead More War and Deception - President George Bush and President Lyndon Johnson 2123 Words   |  9 Pagescompromised the American reputation, as well as the integrity of our people. On these two occasions the intentions of our president have been something different than publicized to the country. The United States as a whole was deceived by two particular leaders and their administration. Through propaganda, selective speech, and exaggerated evidence, Presidents Lyndon Johnson and George W. Bush manipulated the support of the nation for their bold military actions and personal agendas. In August of 1964Read MoreGeorge W. Bush : The President Of The United States1681 Words   |  7 PagesApril 23 2016 English Rough Draft 9/11 Address to The Nation George W. Bush was the 43rd president of the United States. In one speech he answered the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a possible attack on the White House by saying â€Å"our strong country† (George W. Bush - Address to the Nation on 9-11-01 Speech). Bush did this by telling the country what he first would immediately did following the attacks. Bush then stated what he will be doing continuously after the attacks

Art and Visual Arts free essay sample

The Meaning and Scope of The Humanities Humanities The word humanities comes from the latin humanus, which means human, cultured and refined. To be human is to be have or show qualities like rationality, kindness and tenderness. It has different connotations in different historical eras. Today, however, we know of humanities as a loosely defined group of cultural subject areas. Unlike other subjects, it is not a group of scientific or technical subjects. The Scope of Humanities The humanities is a many-faceted subject. It is consist of the visual arts, literature, drama and theater, music, and dance. . Visual Arts The visual arts sre those that we perceive with our eyes. It involve not only painting and sculpture but include such things as clothes, household appliances, and furnishing of our homes, schools, and buildings. They may be classified into two groups; graphic arts (flat or two-dimensional surface) and plastic arts (three-dimensional). a. Graphic Arts Broadly, this term cove rs any form of visual artistics representation, especially painting, drawing, photography, and the like or in which portrayals of forms and symbols are recorded on two-dimensional surface. Printers also use the term graphic art to describe all process and products of the printing industry. b. Plastic Arts This group includes all fields of the visual arts in which material are organized into three-dimensional forms. 2. Literature The art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistics and emotional appeal is called literature. 3. Drama and Theater A drama or play is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience. 4. Music The art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody results from this sequence and harmony from the combinations. Music is both a creative and a performing art. The common forms are song, march, fugue, sonata, suite, fantasy, concerto and symphony. 5. Dance Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. Some important types include ethnologic, social or ballroom dances, ballet, modern and musical comedy. Method of Presenting of Arts Subject 1. Realism In painting, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and arranges details to express the idea he wants to make it clear. Realists try to be as objective as possible. Here the artist’s main function is to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. However, in the process of selecting and presenting his material, he cannot help being influenced by what he feels or thinks. 2. Abstraction It means â€Å"to move away or separate. †Abstract art moves away from showing things as tey really are. The painter or artist paints the picture not as it really looked. The picture is not just like life. It is not â€Å"realistic. † This is used when the artist becomes so interested in one phase of a scene or a situation thet he does not show the subject at all as an objective reality, but only his idea or his feeling about it. 3. Symbolism A symbol in general is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It can be simply an emblem or sign like: % to represent percent, a lion to represent courage, a lamb to represent meekness. . Fauvism This was the first important art movement of the 1900’s. the fauves flourished as a group only from about 1903 to 1907 but their style greatly influenced many later artists. Henry Matisse led the movement and other important fauves included Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy, George Rouault, all from France. 5. Dadaism A protest movement in the arts was formed in 1916 by a group of artist and poets in Zurich, Switzerland. T he Dadaist reacted to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. 6. Surrealism This movement in art and literature was founded in Paris in 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton. 7. Expresionism A manner of painting and sculpting in which natural forms and colors are distorted and exaggerated. This method was introduced in Germany during the first decade of the twentieth century that is characterized chiefly by heavy, often BLACK lines that define form sharply contrasting over the vivid colors. 8. Impressionism A style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century characterized by short brisk strokes of bright color to create the impressionism of light on objects.

The influence of modern technology on Society Essay Example

The influence of modern technology on Society Essay 1. Introduction While engineering is frequently described as the most of import influence upon society ( ref ) , it remains a topic which deserves further survey. This state of affairs is by and large accepted, with politicians, sociologists, industrialists and educationists likewise recognizing that engineering lies at the very bosom of society ( Chandler, 1996 ) . The critical function that engineering dramas in the development of society, exciting non merely the economic system but society’s socio-cultural values, instead than being simply a tool of society, nevertheless, is referred to as ‘technological determinism’ ( Underwood, 2009 ) . It is this facet of how engineering drives modern society that this essay addresses. We will write a custom essay sample on The influence of modern technology on Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The influence of modern technology on Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The influence of modern technology on Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social advancement has come to be equated with proficient advancement, peculiarly since the Industrial Revolution ( Beniger, 1989 ) . This advancement has non ever been acknowledged at the clip it was happening ; so, as Beniger farther notes, ‘human society seems instead to germinate mostly through alterations so gradual as to be all but unperceivable, at least compared to the generational rhythms of the persons through whose lives they unfold’ ( 1989, p. 2 ) . Possibly because of this ‘historical myopia’ , the value of the alteration may non be evaluated until the alterations has already passed ( Beniger, 1989, p. 2 ) . Critics such as Henry David Thoreau, for case, suggested that betterments in society’s proficient agencies are no warrant of improved terminals, and that they may alternatively take to a mechanistic and fatalistic mentality, situating that we do non sit upon the railway ; it rides upon us ( 1845, p. 308 ) . Therefore, engineering its elf becomes an overruling preoccupation, for it neer stops still. Technological promotion seems of import at the clip to different ages in different societies, psychologically if non practically ; in a assortment of modern societies, for illustration, immature people soon feel a heightened empathy with the digital age ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . However, non all sectors of the community will be straight involved with, portion an apprehension, or even see the relevancy, of the latest technological innovations. However, as de Tocqueville ( 1990, p. twenty-two ) noted in 1840, ‘this societal revolution, which I believe to be irresistible†¦ is already accomplished or about to be so’ , and therefore acknowledgment of it is acknowledgment of the past every bit much as the present. The current revolution in engineering, known diversely as the ‘Information Age’ or ‘Age of Technology’ , likewise is grim: the older individual who is loath to utilize a computing machine has a life shaped by others’ usage of computing machines and may even accept a basic Mobile telephone, one time considered a glamorous accoutrement ( Coeckelbergh, 2012 ) . As globalization becomes an progressively important factor in countries’ economic success, technological competency is going an indispensable tool for lasting and booming non merely in society, but in its component parts, such as employment, instruction, agribusiness, and industry. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of modern technological advancement The younger coevals today, like many old coevalss, seeks to alter the universe and do it a better and more comfy topographic point in which to populate ( Griswold, 2012 ) . They want to be subscribers to peace, economic reforms, the betterment of public services and many other facets of the society. For them, the best manner to lend to these alterations is through modern engineering. ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . This does non needfully intend that young person wants to do a immense alteration on the position of the universe where they grew up, or that they merely want to divide off from the norms of society. Alternatively, they believe that the progresss in communicating, through technological agencies, will ease societal alteration as no old coevals has had the chance to larn so much, so genuinely, from one another ( Griswold, 2012 ) . The ability for real-time conversations, forums, information exchange, visual image of other civilizations, and greater societal equality across the universe has developed more in the last 20-25 old ages than at any other clip in history. This has allowed commentary on state of affairss as they develop, instead than strictly through the position of written media. For illustration, the function of societal media during the ‘Arab Spring’ , non merely through Twitter but Facebook and other societal media platforms, provided contextualisation for the media studies at a clip when media bias is progressively critically examined ( Khondker, 2011 ) . Therefore, this coevals is able to corroborate journalists’ reading of an event, even in movie, with those who are take parting on both sides of the event, every bit good as insouciant perceivers. This is alone in history. The grade to which unchained entree to sentiment, counter-opinion, coverage, and propaganda will truly reshape the universe is yet to be determined. The Habermasian reading of the development of the populace sphere holds some analogies, as the democratization of critical analysis unfolded in fin-de-siecle Viennese java houses ( Habermas, 1989 ) . Harmonizing to di Maggioet Al.( 2001 ) extensive societal effects , both optimistic and pessimistic, have been claimed for many communications engineerings before our current computer-based age of information engineering. The alleged I.T. revolution ( which tends to be presented as the ‘final’ communications revolution ) can be seen as holding been preceded by the ‘writing revolution’ and ‘the print revolution’ , and merely the latest stage of an ‘electronics revolution’ which began with telegraphy and telephone. Winston ( 1998 ) criticises technological determinism and alternatively develops his theory of cultural determinism. In this theory, Winston considers non how engineering shapes society, but instead that the development of engineering, which is non inactive, is mediated and manipulated by society. Therefore, as a consequence of these tactics, the ‘radical potential’ of a specific engineering is stifled ; socie ty therefore merely accepts that which it believes itself to be in a place to accept ( Winston, 1998 ) . Systems and machines like computing machines, nomadic phones and runing systems, which merely involve one chink on the computing machine, replace the things which used to takes hours or even yearss. Almost every place has a computing machine and telephone, and persons within those places frequently each have a nomadic phone ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . For some people, the application of engineering is the lone technique for them to develop forbearance, as even the boring concern of waiting can be ameliorated by maintaining busy with a nomadic phone, particularly for young person. One of the most of import advantages of modern engineering is globalization, which has allowed the universe to experience ‘closer’ , and permitted the universe s economic system to go a individual, mutualist system ( Barrell and Fic, 2014 ) . This means that people can non merely portion information rapidly and expeditiously, but can besides convey down barriers of lingual and geographic boundaries. Zhong ( 2007 ) observes that, in today s stock markets, fiscal substructure, planetary intelligence administrations, powerful armed forcess, strong authoritiess and large corporations, instantaneous communicating is an plus society can non afford to lose. The cyberspace allows interconnectedness and promotes globalization and information sharing. The decrease in the cost of instantaneous communicating over the last 20 old ages have well expanded its possible, by doing it accessible to developing every bit good as developed economic systems. However, modern engineering does non convey advantages but some disadvantages every bit good. The similarity of life styles, whereby communicating channels homogeneousness, can hold hurtful effects ( Griswold, 2012 ) . Before the rise of movie, telecasting, and the cyberspace, people had different civilizations and traditions that were reflected in the manner they wear apparels or design edifices. Now, in a signifier of crawling conformance, people tend to construct the same theoretical accounts of house and wear the same manners. The new, modern engineering is first-class in many ways, but its philosophical, physiological, and psychological effects remain unknown in a period when technological interaction and unrecorded communicating through computing machine usage, cyberspace confab, nomadic phones, and SMS texts are portion of the mundane life of -teenagers and the young person of today. This non merely includes issues such as the argument on whether nomadic telephones increase the likeliness of encephalon tumors, but the behavioral responses of kids to ‘instant’ satisfaction, or whether nomadic phone dependence will go a important disablement ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . These are issues which remain unsolved ; their declaration will non be immediate. 3. The vision of adolescents in this twenty-four hours and age With the growing of engineerings as the cyberspace and computing machines, adolescents and immature people are going more disjointed from society ( Griswold, 2012 ) . Isolation is one signifier of this job. The Nipponese phenomenon ofhikikomori,whereby immature people ( normally, males, and more progressively, grownups ) sequester themselves, utilizing merely engineering to maintain in touch with society, is believed to impact about two million people worldwide ( Longo, 2010 ) . Social interaction consequences in degrees of emphasis and hurt to the grade that persons can non get by, and seek safety alternatively in an environment which they feel is to the full within their control. Additionally, instruction is being transformed by engineering. Stimulating pupils is non a affair of doing a great address or a dominant lesson any longer ; pedagogues need to be brought down to a adolescent s degree of understanding ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . The demand and wants of modern young person are really different from those of their parents, as can be seen inhikikomori( Longo, 2010 ) . The most inspiring tool for teens and their life style is the cyberspace, nomadic engineerings, and computing machines ( Griswold, 2012. Adolescents and immature people besides have changed in comparing with teens in the yesteryear, taking into history eating wonts, an active manner of life, passing free clip, and the importance of music and manner. The affordability of many of these factors has changed well since, for illustration, the post-war coevals ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . The most of import alteration, nevertheless, is that they are a engineering coevals. For teens in today s universe, nomadic phones, cyberspace, music, films, telecasting and picture games are really of import. Most adolescents prefer watching telecasting and playing computing machine games to reading books. They dislike reading because watching telecasting or playing on-line role-playing games is easier and they do non hold to utilize their ain imaginativeness ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Computer games have the capacity to supply learning chances but they are besides harmful to wellness ( Longo, 2010 ) . Teenagers prefer to pass free clip in forepart of a computing machine instead than to walk, play football, go to a swimming pool, or merely merely run into a friend in the park and have a confab. The long term effects of these alterations are non likely to be apparent for at least three more coevalss. Harmonizing to di Maggioet Al.( 2001 ) , the cyberspace expands day-to-day and reaches more and more people globally. As a society, betterments in literacy may lift due to the growing of the cyberspace. The immature coevals can non conceive of their day’s prep without the support of the one of most of import modern technological developments, the cyberspace. The cyberspace is really utile and an of import tool for surveies, as there they are able to see the latest studies and articles, discovery and practise exercisings which are relevant to their surveies, every bit good as submit assignments and other work. Further, a adolescent s societal life becomes inextricably linked to societal networking, particularly through unrecorded confab and Facebook. They would instead state that this is the easiest manner to pass on with each other, every bit good as larning new things and holding merriment ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Many things can be done through the cyberspace. Young people can download music and other files and play on-line games with their existent or practical friends. In this manner, hence, the cyberspace influences the adolescent position to the universe and its hereafter. It besides gives them an chance to interact with other teens and discuss relevant issues. One of import facet of teens utilizing cyberspace is their freedom to post unfavorable judgment of authorities leaders. Young persons have limited abilities to pass on meaningfully with authorities as they can non vote ; the cyberspace permits them to give their beliefs about what is incorrect and what is right from their point of position, ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . On societal web sites young persons can hold dealingss and communicating with their friends or merely person who is far off from their places and around the universe, chew the fating on the worldwide web, e-mailing or merely playing games. This has been extended well with the coming of smart phones ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . Using the cyberspace adolescents can travel shopping with their friends utilizing the same web site, usage mikes or cameras to movie themselves, about in the same manner as they would travel out together for existent shopping. Therefore, the populace sphere – through recreational confab every bit good as more complex interactions – is extended in the mode kindred to that described by Habermas ( 1989 ) . However, this alteration to ‘life online’ agencies that, necessarily, many existent universe jobs manifest themselves in the cyberspace, and so hold a farther existent universe effect. This can be seen in the phenomenon of cyber intimidation. Cyber strong-arming marks the gender, physical attraction and friendly relationships of kids and adolescents ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Victims do non cognize what to make or where to turn. Cyber toughs harass victims anonymously. The psychological harm is hideous because the victim s ain equals have turned on them and there is nowhere for them to travel, with teenage self-destructions and attempted self-destructions reported in the yesteryear ( Griswold, 2013 ) . A ‘dis-connect’ from human reactions could lend to cyber intimidation. Peoples learn to pass on largely through text messages or online, and do non larn of import facets of human interaction, such as noticing and accepting non-verbal signals ( Griswold, 2013 ) . Without these signals and features it is easy to be misunderstood and for the victim to be dehumanised ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . This is besides true of online dating ( Winston, 1998 ) . Peoples are usually cognizant of what person is stating or non stating, through gesticulations and voice tones. Without these cues, it is hard to appreciate how the other individual is experiencing and whether there is genuinely a connexion. Young person can get down to experience as if who they are is non recognised, that they are reviled or that cipher wants them, when for illustration the text message or electronic mail was merely non received. Young people have created and developed a communicating civilization that incorporates many particular characteristics, such as a rise in the usage of text-based communicating channels ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Teenagers intersecting and selective usage of communicating channels has been shaped by multimedia communicating ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . Therefore, their public domain utilises a wider scope of platforms than antecedently ; however, it is still simply an extension of the populace sphere, merely as telecasting and newspapers were ( Habermas, 1989 ) . Regardless of their signifier, the media landscapes created by adolescents serve to joint their personal infinite, every bit good as enabling their presentation of ego and specifying their relationships to others ) . This can be seen in immature people s relationship to the nomadic phone and other signifiers of synergistic engineering, which is consistent with their general ingestion manners. An habit-forming usage of the phone has been related to trendy and unprompted ingestion manners prevalent among females ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Technology enthusiasm and trend-consciousness was linked to unprompted ingestion and difficult values more prevailing among males ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . In contrast, a economical Mobile phone usage was non related to gender but to environmentalism and thrifty ingestion in general. The traditional gender division in nomadic phone usage manners that could be observed is interesting in the visible radiation of speculations that genders are going more likewise in their usage of new engineering. The increasing tendency towards ‘instant gratification’ that has been fed by high rates of recognition over the last 30 old ages is exacerbated by a n restlessness facilitated by devices such as smart phones ( Griswold, 2012 ) . The net consequence of several of several coevalss for whom this is true has non yet been realised. 4. Decision Technology is one of a figure of interceding factors in human behavior and societal alteration, which both Acts of the Apostless on and is acted upon by other phenomena. Bing critical of technological determinism is non to dismiss the importance of the fact that the proficient characteristics of different communicating engineerings facilitate different sorts of usage, though the possible applications of engineerings are non needfully realised. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre ( 1974, p. 485 ) , cautiousness that, in reaction to the alterations taking topographic points amongst today’s youth, there is obviously an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, oppositions to structural and normative versions occasioned by invention . This is non new. Every coevals expresses concern for the gait and nature of alteration, and inquiries whether alteration is driving society or society desires the alterations wrought. In the interim, the technological revolution will enable people’s lives to be easier, in ways such as societal interaction, instruction, fabrication, and so on. Withdrawing from the grade to which engineering has shaped society will be really hard, and probably to take to large-scale economic pandemonium ( Barrell and Fic, 2013 ) . The rise in costs, for illustration, through slower communications or manual fabrication methods, would ensue in an overwhelming, if impermanent drain on the economic system ; nevertheless, given the lessening in fossil fuel handiness, this may be a hereafter that society needs to see. Worlds are extremely adaptable, as the integrating of alteration antecedently has demonstrated. There may be a societal cost in this, as Thoreau ( 1854 ) speculated, but this flexibleness has permitted societies of many different signifiers to boom for millenary. The autonomy for people discuss alteration, as Habermas ( 1989 ) has described, has expanded in the last t hree hundred old ages. However, minds such as Thoreau and Habermas are prepared to oppugn non merely technological advancement but alteration in its most simple signifier. This is what will continue humanity from suicidal alteration. Many people may experience that adolescents are inadvertently ‘walking into’ suicidal alteration through their eager credence of engineering in every facet of their lives ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . Whilst this may be a legitimate concern, it should besides be borne in head that adolescents are non simply being controlled by devices but are utilizing devices to ease alteration – through societal media. This was evident during the ‘Arab Spring’ ( Khondker, 2011 ) , and was widely welcomed. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre ( 1974, p. 485 ) , cautiousness that, in reaction to the alterations taking topographic points amongst today’s young person, ‘there is obviously an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, oppositions to structural and normative versions occasioned by invention . This is non new. Every coevals expresses concern for the gait and nature of alteration, and inquiries whether alteration is driving society or society desires the alterations wrought. The human willingness to utilize alteration meaningfully and self-reflect, it is hoped, will protect society from itself. 5. Mentions Barrell, R. and Fic, T. ( 2013 ) . Integration, globalization, engineering and trade forms in the EU8.Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 2 ( 1 ) , pp. 1-13. Beniger, J. ( 1989 ) .The control revolution: Technological and economic beginnings of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bennett, S. and Maton, K. ( 2010 ) , Beyond the ‘digital natives’ argument: Towards a more nuanced apprehension of pupils engineering experiences.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26 ( 5 ) , pp. 321-331. Coeckelbergh, M. ( 2012 ) . â€Å"How I learned to love the robot† : Capabilities, information engineerings, and aged attention. In Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. ( explosive detection systems ) ,The capableness attack, engineering and design. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 77-86. Davies, C. and Eynon, R. ( 2013 ) .Adolescents and engineering. Hove: Routledge. De Tocqueville, A. ( 1835 ) .Democracy in America: Volume I.[ 1990 ] New York: Vintage Books. Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, RM. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1997 ) .Beyond computation: The following 50 old ages of computer science.New York: Springer. DiMaggio, P. , Hargittai, E. , Neuman, W.R. and Robinson, J.P. ( 2001 ) . Social deductions of the cyberspace.Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp. 307-336. Griswold, W. ( 2012 ) .Cultures and societies in a changing universe( 4Thursdayedn ) . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Habermas, J. ( 1989 ) .The structural transmutation of the populace sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Khondker, H.H. ( 2011 ) . Role of the new media in the Arab Spring.Globalizations, 8 ( 5 ) , pp. 675-679. Longo, G.O. ( 2010 ) . Communication, engineering, and the planetal animal.Communication, Capitalism A ; Critique, 8 ( 1 ) , pp. 18-27. Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 2012 ) .The capableness attack, engineering and design. Dordrecht: Springer. Potter, D. and Sarre, P. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1974 ) .Dimensions of society: A reader.London: University of London Press/Open University Press. Thoreau, H.D. ( 1854 ) .Walden ; Or life in the forests.Boston: Ticknor and Fields. Weiser, M. and Brown, J.S. ( 1997 ) . The coming age of unagitated engineering. In Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, R.M. ( explosive detection systems ) ,Beyond computation: The following 50 old ages of computer science.New York: Springer, pp. 75-85. Winston, B. ( 1998 ) .Media engineering and society: a history: From the telegraph to the Internet. Abingdon: Psychology Press.

Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment

Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment Background of Grey Water Treatment Pidou et al. (123) note that literature on the treatment of grey water has been there since 1970s. Membrane filtration accompanied with disinfection was among the primary technologies investigated for physical treatment. Biological treatment technologies like the aerated bioreactors rotating biological contactor and biological aerated filters were investigated in the 1980s and 1990s (Pidou et al. 123).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the decade, the simple physical separation procedure fitted in residential places. At the turn of the millennia, MBRs as well as reed beds were introduced as alternatively sophisticated and cheaper technologies. Chemical treatment has also featured in literature, thereafter. Figure 1: A diagrammatic representation of chemical technol ogies that applies filtration or flotation. Source: Pidou et al. (30) Figure 2: A diagrammatic scheme of a biological wastewater treatment system Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Chipasa (137) Description of Bio-Processes for Grey Water Treatment Bio-processes in grey water treatment include fixed film reactors, rotating biological contactor, anaerobic filters, sequencing batch reactor, membrane bioreactors, and biological aerated filters (BAF) (Pidou et al. 18). Much of the literature reveals that in most settings bioprocesses hardly operated as standalone unless intended for pilot investigations. Often, sedimentation, disinfection or screenings were installed as physical pre-treatment preceding the bioprocess systems (Pidou et al. 13). In other arrangements bioprocesses with membranes as in the case of activated carbon, MBRs, sand filters or extensive treatment technologies such as constructed wetland (Hastuti, Medawaty and Pamekas 368). The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology was a direct improvement of the Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process. At the onset of 1990s, Norway improvised the first MBBR. Thereafter, the corporate behind the invention began setting up small treatment units with design that integrated MBBR as well as the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority recommendation. In the recent past, there has been proliferations of large plants that apply the MBBR technology thus give the treatment method a big publicity in the wastewater industry. MBBR procedures are undertaken on bio-film systems within heavy carriers, which mix wastewater as well as suspend on the reactor with turbulence. The system occurs between an activated sludge and an immovable bed bio-film system. MBBR boasts most of its strength from activated sludge coupled with bio-film carrier elements that are produced from polyethylene whose d ensity falls below that of water. The elements are modelled to allow a lot of surface area for the bio-film. MBBR treat incoming wastewater through microorganisms that are cultured on bio-carriers that suspend in the fluid within the MBBR reactor. The microorganism contained in the bio-film is heterotrophic in nature; thus, utilize organic carbon to accumulate new biomass (Abdul-Majeed et al. 1551).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facultative bacteria are some of the highly preferred heterotrophs as well as serve to dissolve oxygen in the fluid composite. The viscosity of the biomasses rises with the increase of microorganism numbers within the bio-carriers. The viscosity of the biomass impacts the strength of dissolved oxygen and substrate penetrating the bio-film. Those microorganisms on the frontiers of the bio-film have accelerated ability to mix oxygen and substrate through every layer in the array within the bio-film strata. MBBR have an aeration component that lowers present dissolved oxygen where the bio-film has aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic strata. Nitrification in MBBRs has received rigorous research attention particularly with synthetic wastewater. Considering every bio-film reactors, nitrification rates are affected by the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor, the concentration of cumulative ammonium nitrogen, organic load, the pH as well as alkalinity. It was demonstrated that at the temperature of 15⠁ ° C and surplus cumulated ammonium nitrogen within an organic load of 1gBOD5/m2 biofilm surface area/d and a concentration of DO of close to 5 mg/L; this had a capacity to achieve a cumulative ammonium nitrogen rate of elimination of 1 g NH4–N/ (m2.d). The quality of the water treated Building complexes have resulted to use biological schemes in c ollege hostels, stadiums and multi storey houses. This is tied to the bioprocesses efficiency on the Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) that falls between 0.8 hours and 2.8 days. High strength grey water requires treatment systems that have higher HRTs such as mixed grey water and laundry wastewater whose BOD concentration ranges between 645 and 300-1200 mg.L-1. Compared to others biological systems perform fairly better at a mean time of 19 hours. Such systems have organic loading rates for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) on the range of 0.10 and 7.49 kg.m-3.day-1; while for BOD varies from 0.08 to 2.38 kg.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). In the case of the MBRs, organic loading rate values are lower at 0.88 kgCOD.m-3.day-1 compared to the standard wastewater treatment range of 1.2-3.2 kgCOD.m-3.day-1.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stand alone systems applying the BAF, bio-films or rotating biological contactor (RBC) have their organic loading rate 1.32 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 thus their range falls within 0.3-1.4 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). Regardless of the range and type of the bioprocess, systems that integrate a biological component have efficacy in eliminating organic and other solids. Actually, there efficacy has been proved to be well above top range standards for reuse with residual results whose concentrations fall below 10 mg.L-1 (Pidou et al. 14). An investigation into the turbidity concentrations achieved by biological systems, effluents residual have been positively below 8 NTU. Additionally, close to all schemes with bioprocesses achieved suspended solid residual under 15 mg.L-1. Bioprocesses performed better in the elimination of microorganisms by means for faecal coliforms and total coliforms at 5.2 log and 4.8 log, respectively (Pidou et al. 14). At the remedial concentrations of 20 cfu.100mL 1 through biological treatment, faecal and total coliforms remained below the stringent targets. An advantage of MBR as a bioprocess for treatment is its efficiency for the eliminating microbial without having a disinfection stage. To demonstrate this, Pidou et al. (15) achieved a 5 log and a residual concentration that is less than 30 cfu.100mL-1. Other schemes employing MBR bioprocesses have given the robust elimination of the organic and solid residues at mean for BOD, turbidity and suspended solids at 3 mg.L-1, 3 NTU and 6 mg.L-1, respectively. However, the capability of bioprocesses treatment schemes are mildly impacted by changes in the strength and flow of grey water and potential shock loading (Pidou et al. 15). Studies on the domestic product spiking on biomass resulting from an MBR showed that at EC50 the relative toxicity for perfume (at 2.5 mL.L-1), bleach (at 7 mL.L-1), washing powder (at 20 mL.L-1), caustic soda (at 23 mL.L-1) and vegetable oil (at 29 mL.L-1). In other studies, the ability of MBR to revert to its initial performance capacity within a shorter period was indicative that MBR are minimally interrupted by feed, air or both; hence highly reliable. In the case when the feed was grounded for 25 days, no interruption was reported. However, there were different results when BAF was subjected to the same conditions. With BAF, short interval stoppages had no performance implications, but longer led to rise in effluent concentrations and periods for recovery across factors. According to Pidou et al. (15), return to original-standards period as a result of feed stoppages lasting a third of a day were a sixth of a day for turbidity and TSS and close to two for coliforms. Moreover, air stoppages lasting same period had a return to normalcy period were for BOD was 4 hours; for turbidity was 4 hours; for suspended solids was 24 hours; for faecal coliforms was 28 hours and for total coliforms was 24 hours. When air and feed stoppages were both comb ined, the return to normalcy period lasted the longest were BOD was 40 hours; turbidity was 40 hours; suspended solids were 4 hours; faecal coliforms was 24 hours and total coliforms was 48 hours. None of the factors had regained the initial normalcy in less than two days when feeds were interrupted for 25 days. Pidou et al. (16) observes there lacks adequate information on the cost for installation of bioprocess treatment systems. Previous studies on installation estimated a capital spending of  £3,345 for systems that served 40 students boarding and comprised of a deep bed filter, a buffering tank, Granular Activated Charcoal (GAC) and an aerated bio-filter. Spending on operation and maintenance on the consumables, energy and labor were annually estimated at  £128. The return on investment was measured in terms of water savings with an annual estimation of  £516 lasting over a period of 8-9 years (Pidou et al. 16). It was projected that installing the system on a newly const ructed house would cut the capital spending by  £1,720 and readjust the period on return on investment by 4-5 years. In a different bioprocess installation system that included a UV disinfection chamber, screening filter, a solids filter as well as a treatment tank on a bio-film generated by collection balls fitted to serve a household had a cost range between  £2,514 and  £3,325. Nevertheless, it was not immediately clear on the O M cost as well as the return on investment details for the installation (Pidou et al. 16). There are cheaper treatment installations done at a capital cost of about  £197 that serve the housing of six persons that comprise of four plastic barrels. A treatment installation that had a sand filter, a UV disinfection chamber as well as a septic tank had a capital spending in  £2,230 as well as an annual operating cost of  £87. The return on investment that recovered cost was annual water saving of  £34 (Pidou et al. 16). About  £30,000 will b e capital budget for installing a bioreactor with a disinfector, sand filter and aerated for student resident wastewater treatment. The estimated annual spending for operations and maintenance was  £611, while the return on investment through water savings was  £166 (Pidou et al. 16). Aqua-EMBR (Aquatech’s Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor) is a recent biological treatment technology applied at refineries and petrochemical settings. The treatment system has been effectively tried in the Middle East oil plants. The treatment system has further been enhanced via High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis capabilities to recover 90 percent high quality permeate. The quality of the treatment meets the standards for recycling which is fed into the system for demineralising. Compared to the original MBR technologies, the Aqua-EMBR has some additional strength. Aqua-EMBR works without a membrane tank hence faster build up with reduced risks to the operators. This technology has limited civil wo rk requirements during installations, for instance can be mounted as skid on a level concrete slab. Operators and proponent face fewer risks in the event of delays posed by weather elements, environmental threats as well as other local eventualities during structural setting up (Al-Hamaiedeh and Bino 115). Compared to submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies are user friendly as well as convenient. The systems manager hardly senses the obnoxious smell or view or directly touches the bio-sludge (Xia et al. 7391). There are no exposed (from top) membrane tanks from where ambient air interacts with harmful aerosols. In the event of need for operational checks and repairs, membrane modules can be replaced without direct contact with bio-sludge. This is not the case with submerged membrane modules mucked by sludge, hence creating chances for operators to get direct contact with when lifting out of the tank. The system has flux that is higher by 50 percent which reduces the need for surf ace area visvis volumes permeate production by half. This lowers the capital spending and operational cost from the costing aggregation of membrane cost per unit volume filtrate. The Aqua-EMBR technologies provide footprint of lower than a fifth, which is the least known. The technology promises cost savings by eliminating unnecessary man-hour attentions and chemical input costs. While contrasting with submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies have reduced electricity needs by about 12.5 percent through the application of airlift pump effect. The Aqua-EMBR technologies boast of the finest membrane pore type, which at the lower side are 30 nm and higher at 50 nm. The technology has a treatment efficacy of less than 0.2 NTU for turbidity and less than 0.5 mg/l for total suspended solid. Advantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Compared to other treatment technologies, bioprocesses are capable of eliminating organics. These technologies apply for only short retention times (Pidou et al. 18). While, other technology have a necessity for the disinfection stage to meet the standard for the elimination of microbial; MBR (a biological grey water treatment technology) does not need (Pidou et al. 18). Pidou et al. (18) explains that the higher efficacy of technologies was observed when combinations of technologies were applied in a scheme. While, an aerated biological reactor alongside sand filter had a low strength treatment of grey water. The scheme had GAC and disinfection retention concentration for BOD of 2 mg.L-1; a turbidity level of 1 NTU and total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. Elsewhere, the combination of a disinfector, RBC as well as sendimentation filter has attended waster water from bathing with residual results of 0.6 NTU for turbidity; 5 mg.L-1 for suspended solids; 2 mg.L-1 for BOD and 1 cfu.100mL-1 for faecal coliforms (Pidou et al. 18). At an individual level, only the MBR that had activated sludge and membrane had the capacity to proximate s uch results. A side-stream membrane bioreactor demonstrated residual results for treating grey water indicate a BOD of 1 mg.L-1; turbidity of 1 NTU; suspended solids of 4 mg.L-1 as well as total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. A submerged membrane bioreactor gave residual results with undetectable levels of suspended solids and coliforms; BOD of less than 5 mg.L-1 as well as turbidity levels below 1 NTU. Thus, it can be concluded that the MBR scheme is able to demonstrate residual results that meet the thresholds for reuse. Notably, the level of treatment relies on the reuse application. According to Pidou et al. (20), biological treatment systems were found to have efficient hydraulic retention time of 19 hours over others. MBBR allow choice of the filling of bio-film carriers in the reactor that allows the carrier to be suspended freely (Colic, Acha and Lechter 4150). The filling allowance extends up to 70 percent. The carriers are simply small plastic tubes with diameter and le ngth of up to 5cm. The production material is polyethylene with a density nearing g/cm3. The carrier is provided with several chambers that increase the total surface area of the bio-film. Thus, the features allow the treatment system to attend high strength industrial wastewater. MBBR surface area provides room for modification thus different shapes and size have been applied, while remaining effective. It is imperative to assess the contribution of a water treatment to sustainable water management based on local settings as well as regional suitability. Though biological treatment technologies such as MBBR require substantively more energy investment to achieve a desirable carbon footprint, they are preferable to serve a wider area for quality grey water and economized energy visvis schemes developed from other technologies. The advantages associated with MBBR include existing basins allow for increasing capacity, easily managed and operational; hardly do bio-film clog, no need fo r sludge return and enhanced nitrification for existing activated sludge facilities. According to BP North America (35), benefits associated with MBBR include: no need for more acreage, has the capacity to eliminate phenol to an influent concentration of 200 mg/L, maintenance cost is manageable and has acceptable lifespan. In addition, has robust tolerance ability to toxic shocks and insignificant sludge bulking issues as well as desirable eliminating capacity compared to other attached growth bioprocesses. Nevertheless, these bioprocesses have used a lot of energy. Disadvantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Extensive grey water treatment is the only technologies have more footprint than the rest. Biological treatment technologies provide limited footprint considering smaller spaces available in the urban environments. There are schemes incorporating a rotating biological contactor, sedimentation tank as well a disinfection occupying a 15m3 volume that serves 70 occupants in a storey resident, hence servicing at a meagre 0.2 m2 per person connected. Direct disadvantages associated with MBBR are elevated flows create potential loss of the element and the need for more stages to eliminate biological phosphorus. Moreover, there is a need for drive process to achieve more influent BOD loadings. MBBR achieve higher performance with extensive screening and removal or grit. Analysis of Domestic Grey Water Mix Grey water is a by-product the living habits of water consumers and hence the installations used in the due course result in variations in the ultimate characteristics of the water. The degree of variation depends on the intensity and diverse domestic uses resulting in grey and wastewater (Pidou, 9). Analysis of the characteristics with reference to the type of household activity generating shows that kitchen and laundry sources produce more compared to others in terms of organics and physical pollutants. Arguably, kitchen wastewater accompanies food waste ; while laundry wastewater has in its substantial contents of washing detergents (visvis its volume) (Pidou, 9). Those households that do laundry outdoor the wastewater may contain in its sand and clay particles. Water from the bathroom (also referred to as the light grey water) contains mainly washing products and hair that are minimally concentrated as well as small proportions of organic materials. The level of physical contaminants ranges between 33 – 249 NTU for composite grey water that is an indicator of high turbidity when compared to that of the sewer or potable natural water. The popular range particle size that cause turbidity occurs within 5 and 200ÃŽ ¼m. Pidou (9) explain that particle size for various sources of water in bathroom fall in the range of 10-100ÃŽ ¼m; moreover molecules contained in grey water have molecular weight less than 3kDa. Grey water composite whose mean concentration level falls between 154 and 113 mg.L-1 for BOD as well as suspended particl es, respectively, has concentration strengths that range between low to medium relative sewage (Pidou, 10). Analysis of wastewater from bathroom falls within the low to medium strength of sewage; laundry falls at medium to high; while, kitchen sink at high strength sewage. The ratio of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) estimates at 3.2. In most cases, domestic sewage and effluent discharge have their ratios at 2.2 and between 3 – 10, respectively (Pidou, 10). The values reported for grey water imply that the biodegradability is relatively low. The COD:N:P ratio with values of 1:0.02:0.01 for grey water composite provided the necessary confirmation. Actually, the ratio reported for the same for sewage is at 1:0.09:0.02 (Pidou 12). It can be concluded the low rich nutrient of grey water contributes to the diminished biodegradability. Analysis of waste water from bathrooms and laundry activities gives the ratio for COD:N:P at 1:0.02:0.06 and 1:0.02:0.15, respectively an indicator of the high concentration of phosphorus (Pidou, 10). The absence of N and P in the wastewater is because that comes from human waste. Pidou (11) explains that more than four-fifths and two-thirds domestic loads of N and P, respectively come from faeces and urine. Pidou (11) explains that across the different wastewater types, the number of microbial ranged between 101 and 108 cfu/100mL. Moreover, added that the relative number of coliforms varies with the population distribution of residents found in the respective catchments (Pidou 12). Interestingly, households that had no children had low total and faecal coliforms count at 80 and 6 cfu.100mL-1 compared to households with children at 3.2Ãâ€"105 and 1.5Ãâ€"103 cfu.100mL-1, respectively. Principally, investigations on grey water have established the presence of E. Coli, faecal coliforms and total coliforms as indicators of contamination. There are likely chances of finding in grew water a v ariety of bacteria, protozoa, helminths as well as pathogenic viruses (Pidou 12). Hygiene and sanitation activities such as bathing of the young; after the toilet hand wash; doing contaminated apparel as well as rinsing edibles are the most likely contributors of microorganisms ending up in the grey water. In a Swedish residential study, it was found that grey water had 101.4-104 cfu.100mL-1 for somatic coliphages as well as 102.3-104.8 cfu.100mL-1 for C. perfringes spores.   The constituent for faecal enterococci was at 103-105.1 cfu.100mL-1; while the concentration of E. Coli and coliforms were 104.3-106.8 cfu.100mL-1 and 105.5-108.7 cfu.100mL-1, respectively (Pidou 12). Heavy metals also accompany domestic grey water. These include zinc cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, cobalt and chromium. Grey water has also been found to have high amounts of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) (Pidou 12). It is highly advised not to discharge grey water after reuse due to toxic as well as environmental risks posed by the presence of xenobiotic organic contents in domestic ingredients. There are higher chances of coming across XOCs in surfactants, preservatives and antioxidants, softeners, solvents, fragrances and flavours. The XOCs are not biodegradable, but also bio-accumulative. There are bio-concentration factors more than 100 as well as a log Kow beyond 3. The toxicity with EC/LC50 is less than 1 mg.L-1. Pidou (12) cites that kitchen and laundry waters lead to higher toxicity levels in the domestic grey water. Analysis of Oil Refinery Wastewater Mix According to Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (251) oil refinery activity require colossal amounts of water for desalting, catalytic and treatment procedures to generate desired outcomes, such as LPG, jet fuel, and petrochemical feedstock as well as distillation and thermal cracking. It is estimated that the amount of wastewater generated is 0.4 to 1.6 times the quantity of unrefined oils. Nevertheless, release of untreated oil refinery wastewater into water masses poses environmental as well as human health impacts associated with harmful contaminants such as phenol, hydrocarbons, and dissolved minerals (Alade et al. 163). Some hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. Persistent exposure to contaminants may lead to health complications like leukemia as well as tumor growths on organs. However, oil refinery wastewater has been treated using physical and chemical approaches, higher costs for chemicals and apparatus and massive sludge formation has made the biological approaches to be highly preferred. Biological wastewater treatment methods are elementary, affordable as well as environmentally friendly. The application of membrane bioreactor achieved elimination efficacy within the range of 78 and 98 percent for COD, 96 and 99 percent for BOD, 74 and 99 percent for TSS and 99 to 100 percent for turbidity. Table 1: Proportions of Water Use at the Domestic Level Purpose Proportion Used (in %) Toilet wash-out 3 5 Wash basin 8 Overhead bathing 5 Ordinary Bathing 15 Laundry 12 Utencil cleaning 4 Out door activities 6 Kitchen sink 15 Source: Pidou et al. (34) Table 2: Distribution of Domestic Water Reuse Domestic Reuse % Water Reused Toilet flushing 54% Irrigation and Garden watering 36% Outdoor use and cleaning 5% Laundry 2.5% Infiltration 2.5% Source: Pidou et al. (36) Table 3: The Characteristics of Domestic Grey Water Source BOD (mg.L-1) SS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Mixed grey water 5-466 (154) 25-304 (113) 33-240 (84) 102-108 (107) Bath 129-192 (161) 47-58 (53) 46-60 (53) 102-104 (103) Shower 99-212 (155) 15-353 (173) 21-375 (131) 101-104(104) Hand basin 33-252 (138) 36-505 (183) 102-164 (133) 103-106(105) Kitchen 536-1460 (891) 235-720 (528) Laundry 48-472 (276) 68-465 (238) 50-444 (254) 103-106(105) Standards 10 10 2 ND Sewage 282 ±68 191 ±68 2.4Ãâ€"109 ±2.2Ãâ€"109 Adopted from Pidou (12) Table 4: The Characteristics of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Aspect Estimates 1 Estimates 2 Estimates 3 Estimates 4 BOD5, mg/l 570 150 – 350 150 -350 COD, mg/l 850-1020 300 – 800 300 – 600 330 – 556 Phenol, mg/ 98-128 20 – 200 Oil, mg/l 12.7 3000 50 40 -91 TSS, mg/l 100 150 130 -250 Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX), mg/l 23.9 1 – 100 Heavy metals, mg/l 0.1 – 100 Chrome, mg/l 0.2 – 10 Ammonia, mg/l 5.1 – 2.1 10 – 30 4.1 – 33.4 pH 8.0 – 8.2 7 – 9 7.5 – 10.3 Turbidity, NTU 22 52 10.5 -159.4 Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (252); Mahmoudkhani et al. (13) Table 5: XOCs contributed into the domestic grey water XOCs source Toxic content Surfactants benzalkonium chloride and alkylphenol ethoxylates Preservatives and antioxidants bronopol and triclosan Softeners diisononylphtalate and phosphonates Solvents heptane and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene Fragrances and flavours hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and styrene Modified from Pidou (12) Table 6: Performance of MBBR Capacity on Conventional Sludge Parameter Performance Footprint requirement Low Efficacy in nutrient elimination High Tolerance of toxics Better than Conventional Activated Sludge Sludge settling Poor in toxic stress conditions Elimination of advanced total suspended solids (TSS) Variable Capacity to manage concentration surges Good Enhanced heavy crude degradation Good Tolerance to low temperatures Good Waste release Med Energy consumption Procedure for implementation Relatively straight forward Retrofit against new construction Retrofit, modular, needs additional retrofits Other Problems Abrasion losses 2%/yr; Limits fine bubble aeration Capital spending Low Source: BP North America (28) Table 7: Wastewater Parameters before and after MBBR Installation Parameter Before MBBR Installation After MBBR Flow 50 GP M 75 GPM Total Suspended Solids (TSS) About 200 TSS/mg/l About 900 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) About 150 FOG/mg/l About 650 FOG/mg/l BOD About 1,500 BOD/mg/l About 6,200 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (17) Table 8: Average Performance within a Month’s Period Parameter Before MBBR After MBBR Clarifier Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 45 TSS/mg/l 20 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) 12 FOG/mg/l 1 FOG/mg/l BOD 1,100 BOD/mg/l 18 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (18) Assessment of Oil Refinery Wastewater Treatment Performance Across Biological Treatment Technologies Technology Operation Cost Toxic Removal Sludge settleability Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Very good Good Very good Normal Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactor (CSTB) Very good Good Good Good Membrane Bioreactor Very good Good Very good Good Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (FBB) Good Good Very good Good Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Good Good Good Good Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (254) Table 9: The stringent Standards for Wastewater Reuse Country Application Aspect BOD (mg.L-1) TSS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Faecal Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Total Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Japan Toilet flushing 2 ND Landscape 2 1000 Recreational 2 ND Israel Wastewater Reuse 10 10 1 Spain, Canary Islands Wastewater reuse 10 3 2 2.2 USA, California Unrestricted water reuse 2 avg 5 max 2.2 avg 23 max in 30 days USA, Florida Unrestricted water reuse 20 5 25% of sample ND and 25 max Australia, Queensland Greywater reuse for garden watering in unsewered area 20 30 100 Canada, British Columbia Unrestricted urban reuse 10 5 2 2.2 Source: Pidou et al. (35) Research theories and its application MBR According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), research on membrane bioreactor technology has in the recent past concentrate on the UK, Japan and France, though the additional input has come from Germany, South Korea and China. There has b een keen interest to integrate gas and extraction function within the MBRs solutions. Scholarly works have delved on topical issues like fouling, optimizing operational performance and microbial characterization (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). Other areas likely to benefit from MBR innovation include elimination of a nitrate treatment for drinking water, elimination of endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater streams and water types, improving bio-fuels generation through the membrane aided fermentation and gas production and purification on MBRs (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). MBBR The recent development in biological wastewater treatment has several facets. The introduction of new technology of bio-film processes a derivative of activated sludge process under the theory of biological wastewater treatment. Another face is the elementary process of wastewater treatment through processing system that result in biological transformation of organic matter such as the nitrification and de-n itrification. There are advancement on the biological process of phosphorus elimination and impact mechanism. Other areas of research advancement are Activated sludge model series, bio-film model series, pollution sludge treatment process solutions. Figure 3: Chronological account of Journal Artforle on MBR Technologies on Wastewater Treatment Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Figure 4: Chronological and Country Distribution of Journal Publications of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Table 10: Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies Performance Location Housing/ Complex Type Scheme HRT (flow rate, Loading rate) Performance COD (mg.L-1) BOD (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) TSS (mg.L-1) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Japan Stadium / Toilet flushing Screening + Sedimentation + Flotation + Rotating filters + Sand filter + Disinfection (622 m3/day) 243 6 336 20 207 10 10 Japan House Anaerobic filter + Submerged bio-filter + Sedimentation + Disinfection (1.735 m3 /day) 11 8 6 Korea Pilot scale Sequencing batch reactor + MF hollow fibre membranes 13 hours (1.2 m3/day) 79 30 5 5 185 China Pilot scale Screening + Membrane bioreactor 3.6 hours 130-322 40 99 212 5 146 -185 1 15 -50 0 ND Israel Student flats / Toilet Flushing Screening + Rotating biological reactor + Sedimentation + Sand filter + Disinfection About 18 hours 158 40 59 2 33 1 43 8 6.105+ 1+ Israel Student flats / Toilet flushing Screening + Membrane bioreactor + Disinfection About 18 hours 206 47 95 1 80 0 103 13 3.105+ 27+ Jordan House / Irrigation Sedimentation + Anaerobic filter 1-2 days 300 -1200 375 107 Denmark Industrial laundry Membrane bioreactor 2-2.5 days (60 m3/day) 1700 50 645 2 Germany Apartment building / Toilet flushing Sedimentation + Rotating biological contactor + UV Disinfection (2.1 m3/day) 100 200 43 85 4 104-105 104 Germany House / Toilet flushing Fluidized bed reactor + UV Disinfection (0.04 m3/day) 113 633 6 0 256 4 103-105 104 Finland Apartment building / Toilet flushing Aerated biofilter + UV Disinfection 8000 75 1.106+ 20+ Australia House / Toilet flushing, laundry and garden watering Screening + Biofilm + UV Disinfection 9 6 9 0* Australia House / Toilet flushing and outdoor use Septic tank + Sand filter + UV Disinfection 97 6 1 48 3 2.105 9 Norway Houses / Irrigation Septic tank + Aerated biofilter + Constructed wetland 62 10# 100 Germany Pilot scale Membrane bioreactor 10 hours 493 24 7 4 UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Screening + Aerated biofilter + Deep-bed filter + Activated carbon 9 1 6 995 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter 4 hours (0.4 m3/m2/h) 363 80 131 5 109 8 UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC + Disinfection (263 m3/year) 201 62 212 5 7.105 3 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter 3.7 hours (0.328 m3/day) 128 13 41 4 3 52 6 2.106 2.104 UK Pi lot scale Submerged membrane bioreactor 13.6 hours (0.071 m3/day) 128 7 41 1 4 52 4 2.106 2 UK Pilot scale Membrane aeration bioreactor 0.8 hours (0.225 m3/day) 128 17 41 9 7 52 13 2.106 2.104 UK Pilot scale Side-stream Membrane bioreactor 2.8 days (0.137 m3/day) 273 2 181 1 1 58 4 3.104 1 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter + UF membrane 1.2 hours 80 6 25 0 52 1 6.105 1 UK Pilot scale Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC (2.88 m3/day) 34 12 21 2 20 1 2.102 1 UK Arena / Toilet flushing Biological aerated filter 1.25-5 hours (120 m3/day) 84 14 31 3 3.105 3.103 Source: Pidou et al. (41); Al-Mughalles et al. (290) Adaptation Of The Processes In Canada And North America According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), the application of MBR in North America occupies 11 percent of global installations. Popular brand of MBR in North America is Zenon, though elsewhere Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon are the common installations. It is focussed that the rise in stringent s tandards for wastewater treatment may popularize the MBR technologies, globally; thus driving innovation. Figure 5: Distribution of Use of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (207) Conclusion Literature show that the MBR technologies application has centred on wastewater treatment from domestic sources; while, MBBR technologies have been used in the oil refinery wastewater. Information on the advancement of MBR technologies is easily available visvis MBBR. This is probably, because the MBR technologies have present for longer than the MBBR ones. The BP petroleum company in North America has comprehensively availed information on its application of MBBR technology, though no clear details on areas of technological improvement or future arrangement on the same. Research interest in MBBR bioprocesses on wastewater treatment focus on enhancing the biological transformation of organic matter related to nitrification and de-nitrification. Research on MBR technologies relate to t he elimination of nitrate, elimination of endocrine disrupting compounds, improving bio-fuels generation and gas production and purification. Abdul-Majeed, Mohammed, Hisham Alwan, Mohammed Baki, Fauad Abtan and Hussein Sultan. â€Å"Wastewater Treatment in Baghdad City Using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Technology.† Eng. Tech. Journal. 30.9 (2012): 1550-1560. Uotechnology. Web. Alade, Abass, Ahmad Jameel, Suleyman Muyubi, Mohamed Karim and Zahangir Alam. â€Å"Removal Of Oil And Grease As Emerging Pollutants Of Concern (EPC) In Wastewater Stream.† IIUM Engineering Journal. 12.4 (2011):161-169. Iium. Web. Al-Hamaiedeh, H and M Bino. â€Å"Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants.† Desalination. 256 (2010):115–119. elsevier. Web. Al-Mughalles, Mohammed, Rakmi Rahman, Fatihah Suja, Mastura Mahmud and Sharifah Abdullah. â€Å"Greywater Treatment Using GAC Biofilm Reactor and Sand Filter System.† Australian Journal of B asic and Applied Sciences. 6.3 (2012):283-292. Ipcbee. Web. BP North America 2008, Emerging Technologies and Approaches to Minimize Discharges into Lake Michigan. Web. Chipasa, Kangala. â€Å"Accumulation and fate of selected heavy metals in a biological wastewater treatment system.† Waste Management. 23 (2003):135–143. Elsevier. Web. Colic, Miroslav, Eric Acha and Ariel Lechter. â€Å"Advanced Pretreatment Enables MBBR Treatment of High Strength Candy Manufacturing Wastewater.† Water Environment Federation. (2009):4142-4152. Cleanwatertech. Web. Colic, Miroslav, Wade Morse, Ariel Lechter, Jason Hicks, Steve Holley and Carl Mattia 2008, Enabling the Performance of the MBBR Installed to Treat Meat Processing Wastewater. Web. Hastuti, Elis, Ida Medawaty and R Pamekas. â€Å"Application Of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Fixed Bed Biofilm And Membran Bioreactor For Water Reuse In Urban Housing Area.† Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitatio n. 6.3 (2011): 367-376. Trisanita. Web. Ishak, S, A Malakahmad and M Isa. â€Å"Refinery wastewater biological treatment: A short review.† Journal of Scientific Industrial Research. 71 (2012):2521-256. niscair. Web. Mahmoudkhani, Rouhallah, Akbar Azar, Alireza Dehghani and Hossein Ghoreishi. â€Å"Treatment of Contaminated Waters with Petroleum by Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR).† 2012 International Conference on Life Science and Engineering IPCBEE. 45.3 (2012):12-16. Ipcbee. Web. Pidou, Marc, Fayyaz Memon, Tom Stephenson, Bruce Jefferson and Paul Jeffrey. â€Å"Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications.† Engineering Sustainability. 160.ES3 (2007):119-131. dspace. Web. Pidou, Marc 2006, â€Å"Hybrid membrane processes for water reuse†. PhD thesis, Cranfield Univ., 2006. Dspace lib. cranfield. Web. Xia, Siqing, Liang Duan, Yonghui Song, Jixiang Li, Yvette Piceno, Gary Andersen, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Ivan Moreno-Andrade, Chun-Linhuang and Sla womir Hermanowicz. â€Å"Bacterial Community Structure in Geographically Distributed Biological Wastewater Treatment Reactors.† Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010):7391–7396. Berkeley. Web. Yang, Wenbo, Nazim Cicek and John Ilg. â€Å"State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America.† Journal of Membrane Science. 270 (2006):201–211. elsevier. Web.

Essay on Affirmative Action vs. Client Wishes

Essay on Affirmative Action vs. Client Wishes Essay on Affirmative Action vs. Client Wishes Essay on Affirmative Action vs. Client WishesToday the affirmative action is still relevant and the case of the commercial prepared by Sharon and Jennifer proves the full extent to which the affirmative action is a challenging issue, especially, of individuals and organizations deal with traditionalist, conservative customer group. In this regard, wishes of clients may turn out to be stronger than internal inclinations of employees to stand for affirmative action. On the other hand, the case may not be treated one-sidedly since, along with their civil position Sharon and Jennifer bear the professional responsibility to perform their functions properly and meet their customers’ needs and requirements. Therefore, if the commercial does not match the concept and vision of the customer, then Sharon and Jennifer should consider the option of changing the advertisement respectively to customer’s expectations. In such a way, the case of Jennifer and Sharon has the conflict be tween their social responsibility and their civil position, on the one hand, and their professional responsibility, on the other.In such a situation, the solution of the ethical dilemma faced by Jennifer is extremely difficult. In facing, changing the commercial will meet her personal interests and aspirations in terms of her professional development but, on the other hand, her position in regard to the affirmative action turns out to be a challenge to her promotion. At this point, Jennifer should not neither accept nor deny the demand of Mr. Hurn. Instead, she should propose the alternative solution to the ethical dilemma that would resolve the conflict. To put it more precisely, Jennifer can suggest further negotiations with the customer of the company to persuade him to change his mind and leave the commercial as it is or introduce minor changes in the content but not the cast of the commercial to convey certain messages in a different light, if necessary. To put it more precisel y, Jennifer can try to persuade the customer that the commercial, as it is at the moment, is the most efficient in terms of its impact on the audience. In other words, the commercial cast is selected purposefully and changing the race of actors would change the meaning of the commercial, its message and its impact power on the target customer group. In addition, the target customer group may not necessarily reject African American characters depicted in the commercial. On the contrary, the involvement of African American actors may expand the target customer group and attract minorities, whereas the traditional customer group may also receive the commercial positively because the attitude of white Americans to African Americans differ and the customer cannot be absolutely sure that customers will reject it. On the contrary, customers may like the commercial because of the perfect match of characters, message and content of the commercial. Probably, the content may need some changes to shift emphasis and to convey the message the customer wants more accurately and articulately. In addition, Jennifer should remind Mr. Hurn and the client about the affirmative action and anti-discrimination legislation along with the general attitude of the public to racial issues in the US. For instance, if Sharon or actors decide to file a lawsuit on the ground of the violation of the affirmative action and discrimination of African American actors, both the company, where Jennifer works, and their customer may get involved into the scandal that undermine their public image and competitive position in the market.

Media Influence on School Children in Britain Essay

Media Influence on School Children in Britain - Essay Example There are both negative and positive implications of media to children in our society today. Media offer academic learning opportunities to school children. Shows such as Teletubbies and Blue’s Clues among others have offered learning opportunities to pre-aged children over the past thirty years. Zoom, Zoboomafoo, and cyber chase programs are sated with edifying scientific facts to the youth. Educational programs have enabled children to highly adapt to the programs they are watching. For instance, Barney show, which teaches the English language, boosts the linguistic ability of those children who don’t understand the English language properly. On the other hand, programs such as National Geographical Channel explores the geographical features enabling a leaner to be conversant with his/her environment. Children are taught different types of animals and they are showing their real appearances. It makes it easier for such kids to visualize.Children have been able to lear n pro-social skills through media. â€Å"Children adapt to social skills like sharing, empathy, and self-calming by watching others do it â€Å", reports Klinker, an author (social and emotional development).Watching of T.V programs such as soap operas helps a child learn from adult hence enhancing the high level of social intelligence.Media has its negative effect on children as well. Children tend to pick up weird unethical behaviors from models presented in on TV screen e.g. eating disorders and body image.... For instance, Barney show, which teaches English language, boosts the linguistic ability of those children who don’t understand the English language properly. On the other hand, programs such as National Geographical Channel explores on the geographical features enabling a leaner to be conversant with his/her environment. Children are taught different types of animals and they are showed their real appearances (Palmer & Young, 2007, p.34). It makes it easier for such kids to visualize when discussed during class sessions. Children have been able to learn pro-social skills through media. â€Å"Children adapt to social skills like sharing, empathy and self-calming by watching others do it â€Å", reports Klinker, an author (social and emotional development).Watching of T.V programs such as soap operas helps a child learn from adult hence enhancing high level of social intelligence (Bryant & Zillmann, 2005 p.45). Media has its negative effect on children as well. Children tend pick up weird unethical behaviors from models presented in on TV screen e.g. eating disorders and body image (Liebert & Sprafkin, 1998 p.29). Magazines tend to portray girls who are skinny. As a result young girl put themselves on diet and at times they restrict themselves to eating in quest for a skinny sexy body. School girls caught up these trends as little as 7 years of age. In 2006, a national eating disorder treatment center indicated that 67% of school teachers complained of eating disorders in their classroom. The issues of modes of dressing and fashion trends have been major issues in the media where by individuals want to be kept updated. Children on the other hand have been on the receiving end. Parents have found it difficult to

The New Volkswagen Beetle Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Volkswagen Beetle - Research Proposal Example It needs to work on the targets it aims for, the position estimate, the price of its product and where will you sell it in order to keep stay on the highest profit. This will require feasibility studies to generate the required standard of meeting its goals. It is a chance to meet the growth of the society as well as generate new platforms that will position it in a place that will greatly provide more chances of growth and determination for the sake of getting the right position at all times. We will talk about all of these in deeper space through this research. The Volkswagen Beetle had to change its targets and had to replace them from Primary target to secondary target. It used to target the baby boomers generation as the Primary target. In this time, the new beetle is targeting two different generations. They are the millennials and the baby boomers. It is a cool car for young millennials because it has a good technology such as the GPS, and has a modern design. Millennials are the primary target for the Volkswagen Beetle. Women buyers were the most for a length of time than men. The secondary target is baby boomers. The Volkswagen Beetle uses the classical marketing to attract the baby boomers and the old generation of the millennials that have a good salary, and only feel tired of work and family life. It also includes who miss their children and who believe that old days were more fun. In this case, the strategy for beetle marketing department is to be the practical vehicle that supports every time you are going to meet friends by pla ying music and searching in the GBS. On the other hand, Volkswagen Beetle marketer uses the modelling marketing for young millennials by including technology such as apps with iPhones and improving the car style to follow the new modern. Volkswagen Beetle uses two different campaigns for the Primary and the secondary. The Volkswagen Beetle is German Company interred in the American market in 1949. In 1968, it was selling half million cars in the only USA. Nowadays, it sells cars throughout the world such as Ireland, Japan, UK and recently China.

Sociology GCSE mass media notes Essay Example for Free

Sociology GCSE mass media notes Essay New media – anything that uses new technology that usually involves some process of convergence e.g. phones as they can now access the internet. New media is likely to be digital, interactive and dispersed (not controlled by a single source of professionals). Democracy – rule by the people for the people Consumer society builds as it is cheaper and quicker for companies to advertise on the internet Exploits WC and MEG’s through news, stereotypes, folk devils and media ampflication Faster for many functions such as advertising and research etc Reinforces digital divide as the RC are more likely to posses new media The internet enables us to be democratic as it allows us to see and research information Increases social isolation as those without new media feel less ‘involved’. Allows us to have more knowledge and enhances us intellectually Higher risk of criminal behaviour happening e.g. fraud, illegal downloads and paedophiles of children’s websites Widens consumer choice Lack of regulation – many things go uncensored and undiscovered Infotainment – the replacing of news information by entertainment Enhances the power of the powerful, risking democracy as we only see information from the side of those in power Theoretical views Functionalist – media reinforces social order through the NV’s system Marxist – division of labour is kept as WC cannot become socially mobile due to poor access to information Feminist – dislike how women are portrayed; women that go against portrayal are seen as deviant Functionalist – socialises us with NV’s, gender roles etc Marxist – selective as it exploits the WC; it is always from the point of view of the RC and those in power Feminist dislike how women are portrayed; women that go against portrayal are seen as deviant Functionalist – no problem with it as it provides information Marxist – dislike as it benefits the RC and reinforces the digital divide Feminist – dislike as it present women in a derogatory way e.g. pornography The Press – privately owned media that primarily communicates the news; they are profitable organisations Broadcasting – lots is financed privately: PBS is not profit making, CSB is private and the BBC make profit through TV licenses with prices decided by the government. Media affect on behaviour The hyperdermic syringe model – The media has power over its audience: it can control and persuade people. The audience receives its daily injections of information from the media and this determines behaviour. It has an immediate effect o the audience as the media controls us. Evidence to support the HSM Lab experiments were conducted by Bandura Ross and Ross Liebert and Baron. Bandura: children who watched violence were more likely to hit the doll with a mallet. However, there were no other toys to play with and the children were aware this was wanted from them. Liebert and Baron: Children that watched violence were given the option to help or hurt someone when light came on, indicating a child in another room needed help with a game. Many clicked hurt, which sent an electric shock. However, lab experiments do not measure long term affects and we cannot isolate media as a variable. The uses and gratification model is used to argue against the HSM. The uses and gratification model – The media does not use us; we use the media. This theory is how the media is used to actively satisfy peoples needs based on their ability to exercise choice and control. Audiences actively seek media for specific gratifications and this theory deals with why media is chosen, what purpose media serves, and how media competes with other media sources to meet satisfaction. We retain information from the media based on five factors: Information e.g. wildlife programmes Personal Identity e.g. religious TV Personal relationships e.g. Jeremy Kyle Entertainment e.g. Big Brother Diversion/Escapism e.g. soaps The decoding approach – We use the media to support the values we already have, not give us new ones. McQuall suggests that the audiences are active decoders of the content of the media and have different interpretations in terms of: Selective retention – remembering certain information if it has significance to you Selective exposure – only exposing yourself to what you want or need; we’ll only watch things if they support our values Selective perception – we all understand parts of the media in different ways and use it in different ways The media has an immediate effect on the audience The media does not have an immediate effect on the audience Marxist – it has a negative immediate effect on the audience as they control us to have particular behaviour e.g. hierarchy Decoding approach – we expose ourselves to what we chose so only learn what we wish to learn Hyperdermic syringe model – the media controls our behaviour as we are given daily injections Selective retention – we only remember the information that means something to us Imitation – we copy what we see Selective exposure – we only expose ourselves to the media that interests us Functionalists believe values are learnt through the media Selective perception – we all interpret the media in different ways, so our behaviour is not immediately or directly affected in the same way Media can also be to blame for deviant and criminal behaviour: Media affects Explanation Imitation The audience are influenced by what they see to the extent that they copy the images and messages they are exposed to. Children in particular are prone to imitation and often engage in violent and inappropriate behaviour as a result. Sensitisation The audience hears and sees a lot of images in the media that makes them more aware of the consequences of the behaviour. They are less likely to engage in the behaviour and instead are likely to report to the police or intervene if the behaviour is witnessed. For example, child abuse reports went up due to coverage in soaps Desensitisation If an audience is exposed to violence in most of the media output, they begin to believe what they see is normal and are therefore no longer shocked by it in real life Cathartic effect Sex and violence in the media helps the audience to release inbuilt tensions and anxieties. By watching the behaviour there is no need to engage in it. Sex offenders are treated with pornography Disinhibition Violent and sexual images become so common that the audience no longer feels embarrassed or ashamed to behave in this way as they think it is normal Moral panic – the false worry about people and deviance/crime in society Deviance amplification model 1) A small group of people commit some act of deviance 2) The media pick up on the interesting story: a ‘problem group’ is identified 3) The media sensationalise the news to grab the attention of the audience 4) Causes of the deviant behaviour are simplified for easy explanation e.g. bad parenting 5) The group is labelled as folk devils and stereotyping occurs; other incidents of this deviant behaviour are made into news and it seems more common than it really is 6) A moral panic develops and the public’s concern is aroused at the real or imaginary ‘threat’ posed to society; the media campaign for action to be taken against the perceived threat 7) More social control – politicians, police and magistrates respond to public demands as shown in the media, and law-and-order campaigns are begun to stamp down on the deviants The impact of media on society today Primary socialisation – the first place to learn the norms and values of society; the family Secondary socialisation – other areas of your life in which the value system is reinforced or, in some cases, contradicted Functionalists believe the media is beneficial as it reinforces social order Marxists dislike the media as they reinforce the hierarchy of the RC over the WC and false class consciousness Feminists dislike the media as it reinforces gender roles and patriarchy What the media reinforces Through Gender roles Children’s programmes adverts Patriarchy Soaps music videos Political socialisation Debates the news Glamorisation of violence Soaps video games Hegemonic masculinity Competition between men soaps Stereotypes Soaps Global culture – when the culture of one community spreads worldwide through media and, globally, people are exposed to this culture. It is also known as media imperialism. Mass culture – the culture shared by the majority of society due to a general interest in certain things the media presents Media dominates family life; whereas before families were hardworking, hierarchical and communicative around the hearth, families today have their living rooms organised around the TV (the substitute hearth) and other media devices dominate leisure time. Identity – who you are as a person; this can be influenced by what we see in the media as, nowadays, people use the media to confirm and explore their identities. The media shapes our views on what we should be consuming and what we should be like. The media’s representation of age, gender ethnicity Children Rogers argues that children are presented as either angels or devils. The impact of this is that children are not held accountable for their actions if they are angles. However, it they are devils, they experience negative interaction as they are to blame. These stereotypes lead to labelling Youths The news amplifies stories on youths to make their devious and criminal behaviour appear more common. Teens become folk devils as they are all believed to be delinquent. Cohen says that the young as used as scape goats for society’s own issues and this can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. Age As children are easily manipulated, gender stereotypes are reinforced through TV programmes. This is known as age patriarchy. Elderly Grumpy – conservative, stubborn and resistant to social change Mentally challenged – deteriorating health Dependent – burden on the younger generations as they are weak Elderly women – grey hair, old clothes; being different is being ‘mutton’ Men have higher status as world leaders, politicians etc We are an age denying society Ethnicity People are free to upload on the internet as they wish so racism can happen on the internet or dangerous cults can start online YouTube is not moderated so various videos can be uploaded Impact of media on society 1) Socialisation 2) Mass culture 3) Effects family life 4) Reinforces and causes stereotypes on age gender and ethnicity 5) Effects behaviour and can create violence – audience effect models 6) Politically socialises us Political socialisation – your learning of political values, beliefs and preferences Whipping system – when an MP is told they need to vote in favour of their party or they will no longer be a part of it Rebel MP’s – Mp’s that do not vote the way of their party Political spin (spin doctors) – write speeches with ‘sound bites’ that can be used as newspaper headlines Curtis and Mair (2008) believe that: The press has too much influence on how people vote Negative coverage of politicians and politics has discouraged people from voting If readership of newspapers declines then: Newspaper’s ability to influence the outcomes of general elections will also have declined Fewer people will be exposed to the press’ supposedly negative coverage of politics and politicians that discourages people from voting at all The media promote democracy The media restrict democracy Because the media in Britain are not controlled by the state, the risk of censorship by governments is reduced, and free speech is protected. Journalists are free to report as they wish – within legal limits The media reflect the conservative views of their wealthy owners. While journalists are often critical and expose wrongdoing, they will frequently avoid issues which might cost them their jobs by upsetting newspaper owners or TV station bases The wide variety of privately owned media means a range of opinions are considered and public debates take place. By criticizing the actions of governments, the mass media can play an important ‘watch-dog’ role and keep governments in touch with public opinion The variety of opinion presented is limited. Working-class political views – such as strikes – are rarely reported. The ideas and actions of the least powerful groups are the most likely to be excluded. Those who in some way present a challenge or threat to the existing way society is organised are presented as irresponsible or unreasonable extremists The media give an unbiased account of news. TV news has to be impartial News values, agenda-setting, norm-setting and other sources of bias mean only some issues are covered, and these are not presented in neutral ways. The media choose what to report and how to report it, and therefore provide a biased view of the world The media accurately reflect public opinions that already exist in society rather than creating new ones. People wouldn’t read newspapers or view TV and websites unless they were providing what their audiences wanted The media do not simply reflect public opinion, but actively form and manipulate it. People can only form opinions on the basis of the knowledge they have, and the media are primarily responsible for providing this knowledge. The owners of the mass media hold overwhelmingly conservative views, and their ownership gives them the power to defend their position by forming favourable public opinion Anyone can put his or her views onto the internet via blogs, social networking sites etc Only the rich have the resources necessary to publish and distribute a newspaper on a large scale, or to set up a television or radio station, and it is the wealthy that own and control the main means of electronic communication. The concentration of ownership of the mass media is a threat to democracy, as a small powerful group of media owners can control access to ideas, information and knowledge. Those who wish to put forward alternative views to that presented in the mass media may not be allowed access to the media b their owners, and will therefore be denied any real opportunity to persuade public opinion of their ideas Concentration of press ownership Functionalists take the pluralist approach and they believe that the media isn’t used by owners to control the audience but is available for secondary socialisation. Marxists take the conflict approach as they believe that the media is used by its owners to control the audience. Pluralist approach Conflict approach A range of interests exist in society and no single group dominates Society is based on conflicting interests between different groups Media represents a range of different interests within society e.g. Woman’s Weekly, The Pink Paper and the Financial times Owners of the media are part of a minority who use their power to influence opinions in their own best interests Newspapers only give the audience what they want to receive i.e. the Sun does not have much international news because readers of the Sun do not want to read it, not because Rupert Murdoch does not want them to know Press owners have intervened directly to control content e.g. Harry Evans was hired as editor of the Sunday Times and was then allegedly fired from his post by Rupert Murdoch as a result of Evans’ political policy If owners of the media tried to give us something we did not want, consumerism would decrease; this is known as consumer power and would cause a decrease in companies’ profit m argin The Big Six – the few companies that own a vast majority of the press and world media. This is problematic as these companies can promote their own political beliefs and values through everything they own, meaning we are exposed to the owners’ own beliefs and values. They have the power to influence our views and beliefs. Consequences of press ownership Political socialisation – influences us to believe certain things and therefore affects the voting pattern and behaviour Negative portrayal of MEG’s Support those in power and authority to reinforce capitalism Presentations of different groups within society – age, gender, ethnicity Ethnic presentations in the media Black populations are presented as criminals. Cottle (1994) believes that this representation effectively hides racism and, through the hyperdermic syringe model, they believe they are criminal and this leads to self-fulfilling prophecy Sociologists argue that people from the groups internalise – from the media – that their lives are restricted and so they live the lives shown to them by the media Agenda setting – the media can focus attention on some issues and ignore others. They don’t tell us what to think but what to think about. This can affect political views and voting habits. Those who decide what makes the news are called gatekeepers as they have the power to influence what we think about. Norm referencing – the media reinforces norms and values so we conform. Those who conform are viewed and shown in a positive light and those who don’t in a negative light. This causes us to label people, leading to stereotypes. The cameras are always from the point of view of those in authority, giving a very selective view on what is happening. Defining ‘New Values’ – News doesn’t happen; journalists make news and have a list of things that ‘make news’. These are news values and, the more that are satisfied, the better the news is. This affects our understanding of events. Profit motive – Media is about money; owners and companies get this from advertisers. The advertisers must be satisfied with what goes on the news and the media listen because they want the money. Laws – there are laws in place saying what the media can and can’t share, so laws have a large impact on what goes on the news and how the news is presented. Digital natives – have grown up in the digital world using new media to communicate; there is a digital divide between digital natives and novices. Digital novices – have been born into a generation that used old media to communicate and new media has been introduced within their lifetime, meaning they have to learn how to use it and have not grown up with it. The mass media and power Press ownership In Britain, press ownership is concentrated in a few hands; this could give some individuals in the media the ability to influence mass opinion. Some argue that, in order to keep democracy, press ownership should be spread between larger numbers of individuals. The pluralist approach to press ownership According to the pluralist approach, a range of views and interests exists in society and no single group dominates. This range of views is reflected in the wide variety of newspapers and magazines available, so all political viewpoints are represented within the various publications that consumers can choose to buy. The pluralist approach rejects the idea that press owners control content. Instead, it suggests that newspapers simply give people what they want to read as, companies that fail to do so, are unlikely to succeed in competitive market and are more likely to go bankrupt. So, this view states that consumers are the ones who influence content through their market power. The conflict approach to press ownership According to the conflict approach, press owners are in a strong position to put their own political views across. This is because, as owners, they are able to control content and they do so in favour of their own political and economic interests. Supporters of this approach point to several developments within the media to support their position. These include the increasing concentration of press ownership in the hands of a few companies and individuals and the emergence of multimedia (or cross-media) conglomerates (such as News Corporation) that operate on a global, rather than national, scale. As a result of such developments, much of what people read comes from a few multinational media empires. The exercise of power within the media The media have the power to select which issues are ignored and exploited. In doing so, they direct public discussion and therefore affect what people think about it. This could give the media influence over people’s political views and their voting behaviour. The news media also have power in relation to norm referencing; they are able to outline the acceptable boundaries of behaviour. The views and behaviour of some groups and organisations are presented positively, whilst others are presented negatively. Through nor referencing, positive images of some groups ad negative images of others are created, and this helps to shape public opinion. The internet and the distribution of power Some sociologists argue that digital technology will lead to a reduction in power and influence of media power as it allows everyone to produce media content, rather than just consume it. For this reason, the internet could help to safeguard democracy by spreading the power to communicate and to exert influence more widely among different individuals and groups. Because anyone can upload information, comment on information given, contact politicians etc, they can exert influence. They can also find out about pressure groups (such as Greenpeace) or issues such as global warming. In this way, the internet could empower people and provide them with more opportunities to participate in politics. Other approaches, however, question how far the internet has increased political participation and empowered people as most people use the internet for things like shopping rather than for political reasons. Critics also argue that ‘e-democracy’ requires expensive technology and funding to start up and maintain so not everyone can get involved. The press is free because The press isn’t free because Members of the public exercise control through our market power. We can easily switch newspapers if we are unhappy with what we read. Hence, the market controls content and the consumer is sovereign There has been an increasing concentration of press ownership in the hands of a few companies and individuals meaning smaller companies have been swallowed by media giants Owners cannot simply dictate content but have to give us what we want to buy Multimedia conglomerates operate on a global rather than a national scale so a small number of multinational companies now have interests in media across the globe There is freedom to set up new newspapers if existing ones do not meet market demands Multimedia conglomerates such as News Corporation have emerged as a result of other companies merging together The media is an ISA used to teach us the norms and values of a capitalist society. The media is controlling us.